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“Mirror with a Memory: Steps on Taking an Effective Photograph”
Andrew Muszynski
May 13, 2004
English 11H/British Literature
Mr. Gallagher
Photography is such a large part of our culture today, that the average person encounters more than a thousand pictures per day! Photography is an ancient invention discovered at least four hundred years ago. The first known camera is known as the Camera Obscura. This invention was only a dark room with a pin hole to project the first known images onto a canvas, thus making the first photographic images. “Camera Obscura means ‘Dark Room’, and was the optical approach to inventing photography. The second method was chemical. Bringing the two together formed what we know of today as Photography” (Photography History 1). “We owe the name ‘Photography’ to Sir John Herschel” (Photography History 1). Sir John Herschel first coined the term in 1839 which is the year the photographic process became public. The word photography is derived from Greek words meaning light and writing. Eventually, photography caught onto the public’s eye and is a world wide phenomenon today.
Many people who take pictures are only taking them for keepsake purposes. However, there are those who enjoy capturing a moment in time in a different sense of light. “’Why did I take that picture?’ is the lament of many photographers when they compare their final image to their memory of a scene. Short-circuiting the steps of the creative process is the most common reason for this feeling of disappointment. What are three easy and main steps for taking a photograph? “Exploration, isolation, and oraganization” (Altengarten 3). Using these three basic steps anyone can become an intricate photographer. Photography does not have to be a burden. “Photography is both an art and a science. As an art, it expresses a personal vision. As a science, it relies on technology” (Sibley 7). Sure, it is simple for one to press the shutter button on the camera and instantly freeze a moment in time. But, it is those that abstractly and uniquely show images that will be remembered forever. To accomplish this, one needs to learn what devices they can control by using a camera. There are six major key terms to perfect when trying to take an effective picture.
Aperature is another word for lens opening. The lens opening on a camera controls the amount of light that can pass through the lens. The more light that is left into the camera, the more exposure your film will get. This will ultimately affect the outcome of your picture, whether it is too dark, too light, or just right. “The lens focuses light. It has an opening called an aperture, which is adjustable on most cameras to allow varying amounts of light to pass through to the film” (Horenstein 6). Distinct focus is a must for a quality photograph. Unless you are going for an eerie blurred out look, sharp focus will make your photograph much more appealing to the naked eye. This used to be done by manually turning the focus ring on the camera until the object was in perfect focus. With today’s technology, this is done automatically with the camera. “Most lenses will focus from a few feet away in front of the camera to a point in the far distance, called infinity” (History 3). There is also a process called zone focusing. This is when a photographer chooses an aperture and a focusing distance that together cover the range of distances at which the subject is likely to appear.
Depth of field is used as a determining factor for what objects in a picture are in focus. The term comes to meaning because it talks about the closest and furthest objects in a picture that will appear sharply focused. The aperture and focus are both factors of depth of field. On most new cameras there is a depth of field scale ring. This ring is only there to give information. It tells the photographer what the depth of field preview button can show him or her. Using these camera devices can also be used to set the mood for one’s photograph. “When you focus a lens to form a sharp image, a zone of sharpness is created that extends in front of and behind the main subject plane. This zone of sharpness is called the depth of field, and the way you use it can drastically alter the content of mood of a picture” (Editors 38). Depending on what subject a person chooses for their photograph depends on the decision of what will ultimately be focused on or not. “A picture with a deeper zone of focus might be a landscape in which both the trees in the foreground and the mountains in the background appear in sharp focus. A picture with a shallow depth of field might be a close-up portrait, in which objects in the background are purposely blurred” (History 4).
Shutter speed is used to show amounts of motion in a picture. Motion is an extremely important creative element in photography. Even though still photography implies the absence of movement, many objects move to some degree and it is of importance to show this to some extent. Photographers should not blur a picture by jolting the camera back and forth, but rather adjust the shutter speed accordingly. The faster the shutter speed, the more in focus the object in motion will appear. One can also use a fast speed film, which will then in return improve the quality of the photograph. A valuable technique for conveying a strong touch of speed is panning, in which one follows their subject across the viewing field and streaks the background in the same direction. “Sometimes you will want to make a more expressive picture by letting a moving subject record as a blur or streak” (Editors 40).
Using the lens and changing the angle of view are linked together to form a photographs perspective. The position in which one takes a picture can alter the feeling intensely if it is managed to capture the picture from an odd or uncommon point of view. Close up, far away, looking up, looking down, or even sideways can be angles to consider when snapping a shot. Perspective refers to the appearance of three-dimensional subjects and rendered on a two-dimensional piece of film. This is achieved by choosing where to stand in relation to a subject and how that influences the appearance of the subject. “The object in a photograph that attracts the most attention is called the point of interest. Ideally the point of interest is also the primary subject (what the photograph is “about”), but this is now always the case” (Sibley 280). The word perspective can also be used to convey how you feel about your subject. Thus, the perspective, or viewpoint, of the object that is being photographed also comes in handy. The photographer has to view his or her subject not just spatially, but aesthetically, emotionally, and even morally. If they have strong emotions toward what is being photographed, then it will show in the mood of the final picture. “Perspective is the one compositional element that is almost entirely in your control. The word ‘perspective’ means ‘point of view’, both literally and figuratively” (Sibley 137).
Compared to color, black and white pictures capture a realm of abstraction. They also leave much to the imagination. Instead of different hues of reds, blues, and yellows, these pictures contain crisp blacks and fluffy whites with varied shades of gray in between. Black and white photography is a swell choice for capturing texture, patterns, tonal relationships, and contrasts. “A picture’s latitude, or total range of tones from black, through gray, to white is extremely crucial to a successful photograph” (Sibley 270). Film characteristics should be taken into consideration for black and white photography as well. Sharpness is the film’s ability to crisply capture details. Graininess is the film’s ability to produce a grainy texture when printed. Finally, contrast is the film’s ability to exaggerate the differences between light and dark areas. All the film’s properties will influence the look of the final print. Black and white film is sensitive to color and this property allows one to make grays darker or lighter by using a red lens called a filter. The following excerpt explains easy to remember rules for producing a perfect black and white picture. “Expose for the shadows; develop for the highlights. The longer the developing time is, the denser the highlights. The longer the film developing time is, the greater the contrast of the negative. The shorter the film is developed, the lower the contrast of the negative. To decrease the contrast, overexpose and under develop the film. To increase contrast, underexpose and over develop the film” (Horenstein 88).
To take an action shot it is best to do so when natural lighting is low. This is so the use of an artificial lighting source, preferably a flash, can be used. “If you want sharp and clear action shots, the only solution is to shoot when the ambient light is not strong – outdoors at dusk or in a dimly lit room” (Editors 165). Flashes or other forms of artificial lighting can increase the temptation of the eye to be drawn to the focal point in a photograph. Electronic flashes can capture action images better and often create surprising results. Flash units vary in the intensity of the flash. The two categories for flashes are automatic and manual. Automatic flashes detect the amount of light given in a situation and using that information it decides if a flash is needed or not. Flash aimed at the subject in a direct manner, will cause flat lighting. When taking a picture of an animal or person in dim lighting, a flash can also cause what is commonly known as red-eye. To avoid this, the flash can be aimed at the ceiling (if possible) so that it reflects down on top of the subject rather than directly at it. “The basic rule for using a flash is this: A flash has been used will when it doesn’t appear to have been used at all. There should be no black ghosts around your subject, no bleached out faces, no red dots in the eyes. Unfortunately, this is a lot easier said than done” (Sibley 268).
Photographs provide means of identification, glamorization, fashion, viewings of far-off places and so much more! Photography technology in itself has matured a great matter since the beginnings and even in the short period of the past ten years. The development of digital photography has allowed people to do an extreme amount of things to photographs, mainly on the computer. In the digital world, the fields of advertising and photojournalism are being replaced by digital works rather than elder methods. Pictures are now captured by pixels, or mini dots of color, instead of the regular film. Using this, a computer can easily send the picture to a printer where people have one of their original pictures within seconds of taking it. However, no matter what method is used to take the photograph, whether it is the old style or new style, the techniques for capturing a unique photograph will never change.
Works Cited
Altengarten, Jim. The Creative Process in Photography
Online. MSN. 12 April, 2004.
HYPERLINK "http://www.encarta.com" http://www.encarta.com
Editors of Eastman Kodak Company, et al. More Joy of Photography
Philippines, Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 1988
“History of Photography” Encarta Encyclopedia
Online. MSN. 12 April, 2004.
HYPERLINK "http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575598/Photography_History_of.html" http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575598/Photography_History_of.html
Horenstein, Henry. Black and White Photography :A Basic Manual
New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1983
“Photography History”
Online. AOL. 26 April, 2004.
HYPERLINK "http://www.rleggat.com/photohistory" http://www.rleggat.com/photohistory
Sibley, Norman. The Photographic Eye – Learning to See with a Camera
Davis Publications, Inc., Worcester, Massachusetts, 1995
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